There are huge debates about this lack of a democratic system in this region of the world. Some scholars and theoreticians view cultural factors, particularly Islam, as the cause of this democratic deficit. Samuel Huntington and his famous “Clash of Civilisations,” as well as Bernard Lewis with his work on Islam and the West, are pioneering scholars who view religion as a primary source of conflict in the Middle East. Even a liberal scholar like Elie Kedourie concludes that ‘democracy is quite alien to the mindset of Islam’ in Kedourie, E. (1992) Democracy and Arab Political Culture. Washington, DC: Washington Institute for Near East. Ironically, Islamic radical leaders like Khomeini and bin Laden echo this sentiment, claiming that the roots of the conflict extend back thousands of years. However, none of these perspectives offers a solution beyond defeating the opposing side. Political Islam was not the initial preference of the people in the region. Throughout the twentieth century, the failures of various modern ideologies, including secularism and nationalism since 1918, compelled many individuals to turn toward Islamism as the only remaining option. In this section, we will challenge this view of the Middle East, arguing that this approach not only fails in many new developments but also endangers the region’s future by emphasising differences in a multicultural, multireligious, and multinational region like the Middle East.